5/1/2024 0 Comments Plague doctor art![]() Many people fled the cities for the countryside, but even there they could not escape the disease: It affected cows, sheep, goats, pigs and chickens as well as people. Doctors refused to see patients priests refused to administer last rites and shopkeepers closed their stores. Meanwhile, in a panic, healthy people did all they could to avoid the sick. Physicians relied on crude and unsophisticated techniques such as bloodletting and boil-lancing (practices that were dangerous as well as unsanitary) and superstitious practices such as burning aromatic herbs and bathing in rosewater or vinegar. According to one doctor, for example, “instantaneous death occurs when the aerial spirit escaping from the eyes of the sick man strikes the healthy person standing near and looking at the sick.” How Do You Treat the Black Death? No one knew exactly how the Black Death was transmitted from one patient to another, and no one knew how to prevent or treat it. In the middle of the 14th century, however, there seemed to be no rational explanation for it. Today, this grim sequence of events is terrifying but comprehensible. By the middle of 1348, the Black Death had struck Paris, Bordeaux, Lyon and London. ![]() Then it reached Rome and Florence, two cities at the center of an elaborate web of trade routes. Not long after it struck Messina, the Black Death spread to the port of Marseilles in France and the port of Tunis in North Africa. Both of these pests could be found almost everywhere in medieval Europe, but they were particularly at home aboard ships of all kinds-which is how the deadly plague made its way through one European port city after another. ![]() They know that the bacillus travels from person to person through the air, as well as through the bite of infected fleas and rats. (The French biologist Alexandre Yersin discovered this germ at the end of the 19th century.) Today, scientists understand that the Black Death, now known as the plague, is spread by a bacillus called Yersinia pestis. The Black Death Begins Understanding the Black Death People who were perfectly healthy when they went to bed at night could be dead by morning.ĭid you know? Many scholars think that the nursery rhyme “Ring around the Rosy” was written about the symptoms of the Black Death. The Black Death was terrifyingly, indiscriminately contagious: “the mere touching of the clothes,” wrote Boccaccio, “appeared to itself to communicate the malady to the toucher.” The disease was also terrifyingly efficient. If untreated, the infection can spread to the blood or lungs. The Bubonic Plague attacks the lymphatic system, causing swelling in the lymph nodes. “In men and women alike,” the Italian poet Giovanni Boccaccio wrote, “at the beginning of the malady, certain swellings, either on the groin or under the armpits…waxed to the bigness of a common apple, others to the size of an egg, some more and some less, and these the vulgar named plague-boils.”īlood and pus seeped out of these strange swellings, which were followed by a host of other unpleasant symptoms-fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, terrible aches and pains-and then, in short order, death. Symptoms of the Black PlagueĮuropeans were scarcely equipped for the horrible reality of the Black Death. The plague is thought to have originated in Asia over 2,000 years ago and was likely spread by trading ships, though recent research has indicated the pathogen responsible for the Black Death may have existed in Europe as early as 3000 B.C. Indeed, in the early 1340s, the disease had struck China, India, Persia, Syria and Egypt. The Plague How Did the Black Plague Start?Įven before the “death ships” pulled into port at Messina, many Europeans had heard rumors about a “Great Pestilence” that was carving a deadly path across the trade routes of the Near and Far East.
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The curve facilitates steering of the electrode in the epidural space. Left part of the image demonstrates the curved implantable electrode. Given that the literature is currently lacking a standard description of the operative technique for percutaneous thoracic spinal cord stimulation implantation, here we illustrate our institutional technique of percutaneous spinal cord stimulator placement.Įlectrodes. ![]() This technique has been described briefly in textbooks or various novel approaches (i.e., patient in sitting position), but it is not readily and rapidly accessible in peer-reviewed literature. Historically, the laminotomy approach provided lower rates of lead migration however, with the development of fascial anchors, the two techniques have comparable rates of migration. In addition, the percutaneous leads have demonstrated improved durability or reduced risk of breakage compared to the alternative, laminotomy technique. Furthermore, the less invasive, percutaneous lead placement can typically be done in an outpatient setting, which reduces inherent risks associated with an extensive surgery (infection, duration of anesthesia, post-operative pain, etc.). However, due to the invasiveness of the aforementioned technique, the percutaneous (octrode) or linear arrangement of conductors and insulators by a midline anchoring placement has become more popular. This has historically been achieved by using a flat, two-dimensional insulated electrode, or paddle lead (lamitrode) placed via laminotomy. Implantation techniques differ and depend largely on surgeon preference as well as institutional protocol. The superiority of spinal cord stimulation compared with conservative treatment (particularly for failed back surgery syndrome) has been evidenced by two randomized controlled trials, detailing the effectiveness in pain improvement and functional outcomes. A few of the many benefits of spinal cord stimulation are cost-effectiveness, improvement in quality of life, and decreased amounts of pain medications prescribed for patients. Spinal cord stimulation, a form of neuromodulation, has become an effective modality for treating chronic pain conditions since the 1960s. The operative technique was documented with images and detailed descriptions at the authors home institution. This technical description provides the first, easily accessible technical guide for the percutaneous placement of thoracic spinal cord stimulators. However, detailed and indexed techniques of the percutaneous alternative are lacking. The traditional laminotomy approach for paddle lead placement has been well described in the literature. These features make the percutaneous method an appealing alternative to the traditional laminotomy technique. Additionally, the percutaneous leads have a smaller footprint in the epidural space, allowing more patients with mild spinal canal stenosis to receive this therapeutic device, which generally precludes paddle placement. The percutaneous technique allows for decreased operative times and thus reduced anesthesia, as well as decreased post-operative pain due to less tissue and muscle dissection. ![]() With appropriate patient consent for photography during the operation per hospital policy, the technical description for percutaneous placement of a spinal cord stimulator was documented at the authors home institution. The superiority of this therapeutic strategy is in part due to the many benefits, such as decreased use of prescription pain medications, cost-effectiveness, and improvement in patient quality of life. ![]() Spinal cord stimulation is a safe, effective, and reversible method for the management of chronic neuropathic pain. 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This mapping can be defined in the xorg configuration files, either manually or with localectl set-x11-keymap. Otherwise, the session inherits the system default mapping of X11. ~/.Xmodmap -model pc105 -layout us,us,tr -variant ,dvorak,f -option grp:caps_toggle If using xkbmap, the files are parsed using cat. If those files are not found, it runs xmodmap with /etc/X11/Xmodmap, ~/.Xmodmap. The script runs Xkbmap with arguments provided in files /etc/X11/Xkbmap, ~/.Xkbmap. If you have shell variables that are important for your display (such as Gtk or QT themes, GNUPG location, configuration overrides, etc.) this will let your graphic environment have access to your environment without having to be launched by your login shell. (In this example, the login shell is zsh) If you are using a shell that does not source any of these files, you can create an ~/.xprofile to do so. The script checks and sources /etc/profile, ~/.profile, /etc/xprofile and ~/.xprofile, in that order. By default, /etc/lightdm/Xsession is run. LightDM launches the display by running a wrapper script and that finally exec's your graphic environment. This is because, as opposed to your shell starting the display (and the display inheriting the environment of your shell), LightDM starts your display and does not source your shell. If you are migrating from xinit, you will notice that the display is not launched by your shell. Notes: Duplicated information (Discuss in Talk:LightDM) Lightdm-webkit2-greeter: /etc/lightdm/nf X session wrapper Lightdm-gtk-greeter: /etc/lightdm/nf (or you can use the lightdm-gtk-greeter-settings gui). Some greeters have their own configuration files. LightDM can be configured by modifying its configuration file, /etc/lightdm/nf. The following will send a signal requesting that the current session be locked and then will initiate a switch to LightDM's greeter, allowing a new user to log in to the system. LightDM's dm-tool command can be used to allow multiple users to be logged in on separate ttys. See XScreenSaver#User switching from the lock screen. Warning: dm-tool (with dm-tool lock or dm-tool switch-to-greeter) can easily be bypassed and will not lock your session without light-locker or an other loginctl compatible screen locker. Greeter-session=lightdm- yourgreeter-greeter You can set the default greeter by changing the section of the LightDM configuration file, like so: web-greeter AUR: A modern, visually appealing greeter that uses PyQtWebEngine for theming.lightdm-elephant-greeter-git AUR: A small and simple greeter that runs in the cage Wayland compositor per default.lightdm-webkit-theme-aether AUR: A sleek, straightforward Arch Linux themed login screen written on lightdm and the lightdm-webkit2-greeter.web-greeter-theme-shikai AUR: Aesthetic, customizable lightdm theme for the lightdm web-greeter AUR.lightdm-mini-greeter AUR: A minimal, configurable, single-user greeter.Other alternative greeters are available in the AUR: lightdm-webkit-theme-litarvan: A modern and full-featured Webkit2 LightDM theme.lightdm-webkit2-greeter: A greeter that uses Webkit2 for theming.lightdm-slick-greeter: A GTK based greeter focused more on appearance than lightdm-gtk-greeter, originally forked from the Unity greeter, and default in Linux Mint.lightdm-pantheon-greeter: A greeter from the elementary OS project.lightdm-deepin-greeter ( deepin-session-shell): A greeter from the Deepin project.lightdm-gtk-greeter: This is the default greeter LightDM attempts to use, unless configured otherwise.The official repositories contain the following greeters: It is possible to use LightDM without a greeter, but only if an automatic login is configured otherwise you will need to install xorg-server and one of the greeter packages below. A greeter is a GUI that prompts the user for credentials, lets the user select a session, and so on. You will probably want to install a greeter. Install the lightdm package or lightdm-git AUR for the development version. More details about LightDM's design can be found here. Supports remote login (incoming - XDMCP, VNC, outgoing - XDMCP, PAM).Lightweight - low memory usage and high performance.Supports different display technologies (X, Mir, Wayland.Cross-desktop - supports different desktop technologies.LightDM is a cross-desktop display manager. ![]() If you buy a download, it is available immediately upon purchase. This is part of our satisfaction guarantee, and an added benefit of ordering a print directly from us. If we think you won’t like your mosaic once you receive it, then we will put your order on hold and contact you to assist you in fine-tuning your mosaic. This ETA window is very wide due to possible delays occurring from your mosaic not meeting our quality standards. 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Making a big picture out of little ones, celebrating your time spent together is a truly wonderful way to remind someone who they are to you, how much they mean to you, and how much you love them.Īnd if it’s for your mom or dad, and they’re the kind of people who cries during movies, then they will likely cry when you present it to them. It’s the perfect gift for your loved ones. When you turn them into a beautiful photo mosaic, and hang it on your wall, you’ll be reminded of all the wonderful memories every time you look. You have so many wonderful memories stored on your phone. A personalized photo mosaic is a great way to bring out all your memories. |
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