5/1/2024 0 Comments Plague doctor art![]() Many people fled the cities for the countryside, but even there they could not escape the disease: It affected cows, sheep, goats, pigs and chickens as well as people. Doctors refused to see patients priests refused to administer last rites and shopkeepers closed their stores. Meanwhile, in a panic, healthy people did all they could to avoid the sick. Physicians relied on crude and unsophisticated techniques such as bloodletting and boil-lancing (practices that were dangerous as well as unsanitary) and superstitious practices such as burning aromatic herbs and bathing in rosewater or vinegar. According to one doctor, for example, “instantaneous death occurs when the aerial spirit escaping from the eyes of the sick man strikes the healthy person standing near and looking at the sick.” How Do You Treat the Black Death? No one knew exactly how the Black Death was transmitted from one patient to another, and no one knew how to prevent or treat it. In the middle of the 14th century, however, there seemed to be no rational explanation for it. Today, this grim sequence of events is terrifying but comprehensible. By the middle of 1348, the Black Death had struck Paris, Bordeaux, Lyon and London. ![]() Then it reached Rome and Florence, two cities at the center of an elaborate web of trade routes. Not long after it struck Messina, the Black Death spread to the port of Marseilles in France and the port of Tunis in North Africa. Both of these pests could be found almost everywhere in medieval Europe, but they were particularly at home aboard ships of all kinds-which is how the deadly plague made its way through one European port city after another. ![]() They know that the bacillus travels from person to person through the air, as well as through the bite of infected fleas and rats. (The French biologist Alexandre Yersin discovered this germ at the end of the 19th century.) Today, scientists understand that the Black Death, now known as the plague, is spread by a bacillus called Yersinia pestis. The Black Death Begins Understanding the Black Death People who were perfectly healthy when they went to bed at night could be dead by morning.ĭid you know? Many scholars think that the nursery rhyme “Ring around the Rosy” was written about the symptoms of the Black Death. The Black Death was terrifyingly, indiscriminately contagious: “the mere touching of the clothes,” wrote Boccaccio, “appeared to itself to communicate the malady to the toucher.” The disease was also terrifyingly efficient. If untreated, the infection can spread to the blood or lungs. The Bubonic Plague attacks the lymphatic system, causing swelling in the lymph nodes. “In men and women alike,” the Italian poet Giovanni Boccaccio wrote, “at the beginning of the malady, certain swellings, either on the groin or under the armpits…waxed to the bigness of a common apple, others to the size of an egg, some more and some less, and these the vulgar named plague-boils.”īlood and pus seeped out of these strange swellings, which were followed by a host of other unpleasant symptoms-fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, terrible aches and pains-and then, in short order, death. Symptoms of the Black PlagueĮuropeans were scarcely equipped for the horrible reality of the Black Death. The plague is thought to have originated in Asia over 2,000 years ago and was likely spread by trading ships, though recent research has indicated the pathogen responsible for the Black Death may have existed in Europe as early as 3000 B.C. Indeed, in the early 1340s, the disease had struck China, India, Persia, Syria and Egypt. The Plague How Did the Black Plague Start?Įven before the “death ships” pulled into port at Messina, many Europeans had heard rumors about a “Great Pestilence” that was carving a deadly path across the trade routes of the Near and Far East.
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Graig was not only a loving husband but also a caring father to their daughter, Grace.Īlso Read: Mayor Brandon Scott’s Wife As The Couple Expecting Their First Baby In Winter 2024 Elise’s Community Engagement And Recognitionīeyond her professional achievements, Elise was deeply involved in her community. As colleagues at WCBS, they shared a deep understanding of the demands of the news industry, which brought them even closer. Their love story flourished, and they became proud parents to their daughter, Grace.Įlise and Graig were the epitome of a power couple, supporting each other’s careers and dreams. She and Graig Henriques, a WCBS photojournalist, shared a beautiful bond. While Elise Finch was undoubtedly a force to be reckoned with in her career, she was also a fiercely loving and devoted mother and wife. Let’s take a closer look at the life of this accomplished journalist and the love she shared with her husband, Graig Henriques. 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The curve facilitates steering of the electrode in the epidural space. Left part of the image demonstrates the curved implantable electrode. Given that the literature is currently lacking a standard description of the operative technique for percutaneous thoracic spinal cord stimulation implantation, here we illustrate our institutional technique of percutaneous spinal cord stimulator placement.Įlectrodes. ![]() This technique has been described briefly in textbooks or various novel approaches (i.e., patient in sitting position), but it is not readily and rapidly accessible in peer-reviewed literature. Historically, the laminotomy approach provided lower rates of lead migration however, with the development of fascial anchors, the two techniques have comparable rates of migration. In addition, the percutaneous leads have demonstrated improved durability or reduced risk of breakage compared to the alternative, laminotomy technique. Furthermore, the less invasive, percutaneous lead placement can typically be done in an outpatient setting, which reduces inherent risks associated with an extensive surgery (infection, duration of anesthesia, post-operative pain, etc.). However, due to the invasiveness of the aforementioned technique, the percutaneous (octrode) or linear arrangement of conductors and insulators by a midline anchoring placement has become more popular. This has historically been achieved by using a flat, two-dimensional insulated electrode, or paddle lead (lamitrode) placed via laminotomy. Implantation techniques differ and depend largely on surgeon preference as well as institutional protocol. The superiority of spinal cord stimulation compared with conservative treatment (particularly for failed back surgery syndrome) has been evidenced by two randomized controlled trials, detailing the effectiveness in pain improvement and functional outcomes. A few of the many benefits of spinal cord stimulation are cost-effectiveness, improvement in quality of life, and decreased amounts of pain medications prescribed for patients. Spinal cord stimulation, a form of neuromodulation, has become an effective modality for treating chronic pain conditions since the 1960s. The operative technique was documented with images and detailed descriptions at the authors home institution. This technical description provides the first, easily accessible technical guide for the percutaneous placement of thoracic spinal cord stimulators. However, detailed and indexed techniques of the percutaneous alternative are lacking. The traditional laminotomy approach for paddle lead placement has been well described in the literature. These features make the percutaneous method an appealing alternative to the traditional laminotomy technique. Additionally, the percutaneous leads have a smaller footprint in the epidural space, allowing more patients with mild spinal canal stenosis to receive this therapeutic device, which generally precludes paddle placement. The percutaneous technique allows for decreased operative times and thus reduced anesthesia, as well as decreased post-operative pain due to less tissue and muscle dissection. ![]() With appropriate patient consent for photography during the operation per hospital policy, the technical description for percutaneous placement of a spinal cord stimulator was documented at the authors home institution. The superiority of this therapeutic strategy is in part due to the many benefits, such as decreased use of prescription pain medications, cost-effectiveness, and improvement in patient quality of life. ![]() Spinal cord stimulation is a safe, effective, and reversible method for the management of chronic neuropathic pain. Spinal cord stimulation was found to be superior to traditional conservative management in recent clinical trials. |
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